فهرست مطالب
1- Medication Overuse Headache
Medication Overuse Headache
Medication-overuse headache is an interaction between a medication used excessively and a susceptible patient.
What is crucial is that treatment (resulting in MOH) occurs both frequently and regularly, i.e., on several days each week.
The headache associated with medication overuse often has a peculiar pattern shifting, even within the same day, from having migraine-like characteristics to having those of tension-type headache (i.e., a new type of headache).
The diagnosis of medication-overuse headache is clinically extremely important because patients rarely respond to preventative medications whilst overusing acute medications.
What medications can cause MOH?
This has long been one of the biggest questions about MOH. There is now sufficient research to address many of our questions. According to Goadsby, et al, "There is now substantial evidence that all drugs used for the treatment of headache may cause MOH in patients with primary headache disorders
- Triptans. A point of confusion has been whether triptans such as sumatriptan (Imitrex) could cause MOH. Studies have now been published demonstrating MOH resulting from sumatriptan (Imitrex) naratriptan (Amerge), zolmitriptan (Zomig), and rizatriptan (Maxalt). Because almotriptan (Axert), eletriptan (Relpax) and frovatriptan (Frova) were introduced much more recently, there are no studies proving or disproving their causing MOH.
- Ergotamines such as DHE, Migranal, Cafergot.
- Simple analgesics such as acetaminophen.
- Opioids such as Codeine and Diluadid.
- Combination medications such as:
Butalbital compounds containing aspirin or acetaminophen, butalbital, and caffeine. (Fioricet, Fiorinal, etc.)
Vicodin, which contains acetaminophen and hydrocodone.
Other compounds containing more than one medication.
How could MOH be avoided?
Medication overuse headache is avoided by not using medications for the relief of headache and/or Migraine more than two or three days a week. Although that statement may look simple, for the chronic sufferer, it's anything but a simple solution. For those who take triptans, doctors will sometimes recommend taking triptans two days a week and another type of medication another two days a week if absolutely necessary. Beyond that, there is no real answer for pain on additional days that week. The long-term answer is, of course, an effective preventive regiment that reduces the need for MOH-causing medications.
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How can we distinguish MOH from other headaches and Migraines?
Differentiating between a tension-type headache, for example, and MOH can be difficult. There are, however, some very discernable differences between MOH and a Migraine attack. Migraine pain is worsened by activity; MOH tends not to be. MOH is also missing other Migraine symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, phonophobia (sensitivity to sound), photophobia (sensitivity to light), hot flashes, chills, dizziness, and so on.
How MOH could be stopped?
Immediately discontinuing the medication causing the MOH is the preferred plan of action. It's obviously the quickest, and it doesn't add more medications to an already confused body. According to Goadsby, et al, withdrawal symptoms usually last two to 10 days. Those symptoms may include: withdrawal headache, vomiting, arterial hypotension, tachycardia, sleep disturbances, restlessness, anxiety, nervousness. In some cases where the MOH is being caused by medications such as benzodiazepins compounds that have been taken daily in large amounts, seizures can occur if the medication is abruptly withdrawn, so a tapered withdrawal or supervised detoxifications is necessary.